We don’t know yet whether the Russians simply accessed U.S. “It may simply be a massive act of espionage that would not constitute an act of war. John Bellinger, the top State Department lawyer under former Republican Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, said it was not yet clear whether the hack could be considered an act of war. Examples include operations that “trigger a nuclear plant meltdown open a dam above a populated area, causing destruction or disable air traffic control services, resulting in airplane crashes.” #GOVERNMENT ESPIONAGE DEFINITION MANUAL#“Simply stealing information, as much as we don’t like it, is not an act of war - it is espionage,” said Benjamin Friedman, a policy director at the think tank Defense Priorities.Įxperts said cyber attacks can be acts of war if they cause physical destruction.Ī Department of Defense law of war manual states that some cyber operations should be subject to the same rules as physical, or “kinetic” attacks. information, and should be viewed as espionage. and other experts said the attack appears to have been carried out to steal sensitive U.S. Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage. Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. See Also: Counterintelligence Enhancement Act of 2002. government was that the gyroscopes could be used in missile guidance systems and smart bombs. The espionage concern expressed by the U.S. They apparently planned to export them to the PRC through a Canadian subsidiary of the Beijing company. It seems that the two business persons purchased the gyroscopes from a Massachusetts company. Exporting these gyroscopes to the PRC is prohibited by U.S. Two business persons, one a Chinese national who was the president of a Beijing company and the other a naturalized Canadian, pleaded guilty to charges of exporting fiber-optic gyroscopes to the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) without the required State Department permits. government in its 2001 Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive Report. Often, proprietary information includes R&D plans for a business or plans for emerging technologies.Īn interesting espionage case was reported by the U.S. Proprietary information is that generally not found in the public domain and for which the informations owner takes special measures to protect it from getting into the public domain. Industrial espionage involves the undercover gathering of information about a company to acquire commercial secrets and thereby gain a competitive edge. Economic espionage involves the covert targeting or gaining of sensitive information that has financial, trade, or economic policy implications. government is worried about three types of espionageeconomic, industrial, and proprietary. With increasing competition for limited resources, the business community projected these losses to intensify in the coming years.Īs is the business community, the U.S. The greatest losses, they noted, involved manufacturing processing and R&D (research and development) information. business community said that economic espionage cost them anywhere from $100≢50 billion in lost sales. Sabotage is the act of using spies to gain information about what a government or a company does or plans to do.įor the year 2000, in particular, the U.S. įor years the United States has been worried about becoming a target of foreign economic and industrial espionage. Spying, undercover work, reconnaissance, surveillance see spying. ☆ the use of spies in industry or commerce to learn the secrets of other companies the use of spies by a government to learn the military secrets of other nations
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